

<!--XBRL Document Created with Wdesk from Workiva, formerly WebFilings-->
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        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
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      <link:roleType id="StockBasedCompensationSummaryOfStockBasedCompensationExpenseDetails" roleURI="http://www.flex-pharma.com/role/StockBasedCompensationSummaryOfStockBasedCompensationExpenseDetails">
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        <link:definition>2419403 - Disclosure - Stock-based compensation - Summary of stock option activity (Details)</link:definition>
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        <link:definition>2404402 - Disclosure - Summary of significant accounting policies and recent accounting pronouncements - Narrative (Details)</link:definition>
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